The three Charlottes - royal women in the life of George III

I've made a short video called 'The three Charlottes' to introduce three important women in the life of George III: his wife, his eldest daughter and his granddaughter, all named Charlotte. I wrote this speech to give at Casterbridge Speakers - my local Toastmasters International club where I go to improve my public speaking skills. To save you from having to look at me giving the speech, I have put together some pictures to illustrate it. 

The three Charlottes

Queen Charlotte

The first Charlotte is Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, who had to bear the agony of watching her husband go mad. (1)

Queen Charlotte
from Memoirs of her most excellent majesty
Sophia-Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain
by John Watkins (1819)

You can read more about her here.

Princess Royal

The second Charlotte is Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda, George III’s eldest daughter, known as the Princess Royal. Princess Royal was placed in a very bad situation when her husband, the ruler of Württemberg, made peace with Napoleon, making her an enemy of her homeland.

Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
 Duke of York and Albany
by John Watkins (1827)

Read more about Princess Royal here.

Princess Charlotte of Wales

The third Charlotte is Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, George III’s granddaughter, whose sad, premature death left her husband and the entire country in mourning.

Princess Charlotte
from The Ladies' Monthly Museum
In memoriam (1817)

Read about Princess Charlotte’s childhood here.
Read about Princess Charlotte’s marriage and death here.

Note
(1) It is thought that George III may have been suffering from porphyria which gave the appearance of madness or he may actually have been insane. Either way, he was mentally incapacitated and became incapable of ruling.

Naming the royal baby – advice from 3 Georgian royals

Naming a royal baby is a huge responsibility. Other parents can choose whatever names they like, but William and Kate have to select those that are suitable for a future monarch and meet the approval of the royal family.

So what advice would the Georgian royals have given to William and Kate?

The nine sons of George III

George III and Queen Charlotte had fifteen children. The eldest was born “at twenty-four minutes past seven” on 12 August 1762 after a hard labour. Lord Huntingdon, the Groom of the Stole, pre-empted the Queen’s Vice-Chamberlain and announced to the King that the Queen had given birth to a baby girl.

Queen Charlotte
from Memoirs of her most
excellent majesty Sophia-Charlotte
Queen of Great Britain
by John Watkins (1819)

The King replied that he was “but little anxious as to the sex of the child” so long as the Queen was safe. It was just as well. The Queen had, in fact, given birth to a “strong, large and pretty boy”! The baby was christened George Augustus Frederick – the names of his father and his paternal grandparents, Augusta and Frederick. After his father’s death, he became King George IV.

George III’s other sons were named Frederick, William Henry, Edward Augustus, Ernest Augustus, Augustus Frederick, Adolphus Frederick, Octavius and Alfred. Clearly George III was very fond of the name Augustus.

The five daughters of George III

George III’s first daughter, born on 29 September 1766, was similarly given family names. She
was christened Charlotte Augusta Matilda – the names of her mother, her paternal grandmother and her aunt, George III’s youngest sister. But Princess Charlotte did not get to use her names; she was always referred to by her title, Princess Royal.

George III’s other daughters were named Augusta Sophia, Elizabeth, Mary, Sophia and Amelia. Note the recurrence of Augusta – the second name of the Princess Royal and the first of her next youngest sister.

George III’s advice for William and Kate

George III
 from Memoirs of Queen Charlotte
by WC Oulton (1819)

For a boy, William Charles Augustus – for the child’s father and grandfather and because George really liked the name Augustus.

For a girl, Catherine Charlotte Diana Augusta – for the child’s mother, father and grandmother and because George really liked the name Augusta.

The birth of Princess Charlotte Augusta

Princess Charlotte
from La Belle Assemblée (1816)

The marriage of the future George IV to his cousin Caroline of Brunswick was a complete disaster. Amazingly, in the short time that they lived together before their separation, Caroline conceived. George stayed up for two whole nights waiting for news of the birth. On 7 January 1796 he was able to tell the Queen: “The Princess, after a terrible hard labour for above twelve hours, is this instant brought to bed of an immense girl, and I assure you notwithstanding we might have wished for a boy, I receive her with all the affection possible.”

The new baby was not given her hated mother’s name, but was christened Charlotte Augusta, the names of her two grandmothers.

George IV’s advice to William and Kate

George, Prince of Wales
from Memoirs of her late
royal highness Charlotte Augusta
by Robert Huish (1818)

For a boy: George William – for himself and the child’s father - George liked himself too much to choose anyone else’s name above his own!

For a girl: Elizabeth Mary – for the child’s great grandmother and George’s favourite sister. He would not use the child’s mother’s name because he hated his own wife and would not use her grandmother’s name because it would remind him of his own failed marriage.

The birth of Queen Victoria

After the death of Princess Charlotte, the race was on to provide an heir to the throne. In 1819, the Dukes of Cumberland and Cambridge both had sons whom they named George, but the child of the Duke of Kent stood before them in line for the throne. On 24 May 1819, a daughter was born to the Duke of Kent and his wife, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Queen Victoria
  by Dalton after F Winterhalter
from The Girlhood of Queen Victoria (1912)

The Duke and Duchess of Kent proposed to name their daughter Victoire or Victoria after her mother, Georgiana after the Regent, Alexandrina after the Tsar and Charlotte and Augusta, after her aunts, or possibly after her grandmother and great grandmother. As a matter of form, they submitted the names to the Regent for approval. George chose to be difficult. He declared that he did not like to put his own name before the Tsar’s, but neither did he wish it to appear after it. He would not countenance the baby being given the name of his poor dead daughter and decreed that Augusta was “too majestic”.

When the christening service began, nobody knew what the baby was to be named. The Regent stated that the baby was to be called Alexandrina; the Duke of Kent proposed Elizabeth. The Regent dismissed that suggestion and finally agreed to the baby receiving her mother’s name, though he insisted that it had to follow the name of Tsar. So the baby was named Alexandrina Victoria and as a small girl, she was often called Drina.

The Duchess of Kent’s mother wrote to her daughter that she hoped she was happy with a girl. “The English like Queens,” she wrote. The Duke of Kent was delighted and proudly showed her off, telling people to “look at her well, for she will be Queen of England.” And he was right.


The Duke of Kent’s advice to William and Kate

Edward, Duke of Kent
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
 Duke of York and Albany
by John Watkins (1827)

For a boy: William Charles – for the child’s father and grandfather.

For a girl: Catherine Diana Elizabeth – for the child’s mother and grandmother and great grandmother, the Queen.

What names do you think the Georgians would have chosen?

My choice? William Charles Augustus for a boy and Charlotte Catherine Diana for a girl.

Postscript

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's first baby was a boy and has been named George Alexander Louis. George IV would have approved. The christening is to be held on Wednesday 23 October at 3pm in the Chapel Royal in St James' Palace.
 

St James' Palace
from Leigh's New Picture of London (1827)

Sources used include:
Hibbert, Christopher, George III (1998, Viking, Great Britain)
Hibbert, Christopher, George IV (1972, Longmans, 1973, Allen Lane, London)
Hibbert, Christopher, Queen Victoria (HarperCollins, 2000, London)
Huish, Robert, Memoirs of her late royal highness Charlotte Augusta (1818)
Oulton, Walley Chamberlain, Authentic and Impartial Memoirs of Her Late Majesty Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1819, London)
Victoria, Queen, The Girlhood of Queen Victoria, A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries between the years 1832 and 1840, edited Viscount Esher 2 Volumes (1912)
Watkins, John, A Biographical Memoir of Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1827, London)

The Six Princesses: Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda (1766-1828)

Princess Royal
from The Lady's Magazine (1792)

Profile

Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda (29 September 1766 - 6 October 1828) was the eldest daughter of King George III and Queen Charlotte. She was known by her title, the Princess Royal.

Birth of the Princess Royal

Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda, the Princess Royal, was born on 29 September 1766 at Buckingham House, the fourth child and eldest daughter of King George III and Queen Charlotte. She was christened on 27 October by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Queen Charlotte was an advocate of vaccination and accordingly, on 12 December 1768, the young Princess was inoculated against smallpox, along with her brother, Prince William.

A strict regime

Queen Charlotte was a very dominant character and imposed a strict regime upon her family. They woke early, ate plain food and were never allowed out of her sight when they were out walking, invariably in pairs. The older Princesses ate breakfast with their parents at eight o’clock and then settled down to their studies, superintended by Lady Charlotte Finch.

Queen Charlottefrom Memoirs of Her Late 
Majesty Queen Charlotte by WC Oulton (1819)

Their education included modern foreign languages, history, geography, music, art and embroidery. Charlotte had a particular liking for history and spoke French and Italian fluently. She also became skilled at copying engravings and her copies of some Ridinger etchings of wild animals were displayed in her closet at Frogmore.

Alleviating the boredom

This repetitive lifestyle was sometimes interspersed by outings and longer visits. These included several sojourns with Lord and Lady Harcourt at Newnham as well as visits to the Royal Academy, Oxford University, Blenheim and the Egham Races. Sometimes Charlotte and her sisters were entertained by plays, either privately at home or at the theatre, or by musical concerts, such as those patronised by King George III in commemoration of Handel in 1784.

 

When the King went to Cheltenham to take the waters in 1788, the Queen, Charlotte and her sisters went too. When the King visited Weymouth in 1789 to recuperate from his severe bout of incapacitating illness, the royal family visited the seaside town as well. When the King decided to visit Weymouth, summer after summer, the Princesses went too. At the seaside, the Princesses had a little more freedom and enjoyed sea-bathing and sailing.

Gloucester Lodge today where George III and his family stayed
on their visits to Weymouth

Public appearances

On 25 October 1769, at the age of three, Charlotte appeared at her first drawing room at St James’ together with her brother, the Prince of Wales, aged seven.

Then, on 18 January 1782, she appeared at her first Court Ball. A drawing room was held to celebrate the Queen’s birthday and the ball that followed was opened soon after nine o’clock by the Princess Royal dancing the first minuet with her brother, the Prince of Wales.

George, Prince of Wales, later George IV
from Memoirs of Her Late Majesty
Queen Charlotte by WC Oulton (1819)

Unfortunately, Charlotte suffered a mishap. Somehow the fringe of her petticoat became entangled with her buckle and she lost her shoe. The music stopped whilst she recovered from this accident, leaving the poor Princess exceedingly embarrassed. The shoe was quickly replaced but the incident was not forgotten; some verses were penned to commemorate the event:

“The Princess lost her shoe,
Her Highness hopp’d
The fiddlers stopp’d
Not knowing what to do.”

Character

Charlotte was shy and lacking in confidence and this sometimes made her appear arrogant and remote. She was of a somewhat managing disposition and, as the Queen tended to hold her responsible for her sisters, this made her unpopular with them as she was inclined to tell tales and stir up trouble.

Charlotte was very insecure and hated being teased and she felt that her mother did not love her as much as her sisters. She described herself as “absolutely a slave” rather than a daughter and complained bitterly about her mother’s violent moods and outbreaks of temper.

Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
 Duke of York and Albany by John Watkins (1827)

The Thomas Stone affair

In 1787, an attorney named Thomas Stone made a brief stir by writing to the Queen asking for the Princess Royal's hand in marriage. He then appeared at St James', asking to be introduced to the Princess and declaring his love for her. On examination, he was pronounced insane and confined in Bethlem Hospital.

Marriage

Charlotte was very keen to be married and asked her brother, the Prince of Wales, to find her a husband. The King was absolutely set against his daughters marrying either a Catholic or a commoner, which left very few eligible persons. Prince Peter of Oldenburg was touted as a possibility, and her sisters even teased her by referring to her as “the Duchess of Oldenburg” but nothing came of it.

In 1796, Prince Friedrich William, the Hereditary Prince of Württemberg, made Charlotte an offer of marriage. The King was very reluctant to give his consent. Firstly, Prince Friedrich’s father was a Catholic and secondly, the Prince’s first wife – Charlotte’s cousin and sister to Caroline of Brunswick - had died in suspicious circumstances in Russia.

Princess Royal meets the Hereditary Prince of  
Württemberg for the first time
Published by Laurie and Whittle (1797)
 © British Museum

However, Charlotte was set on the match and succeeded in gaining her father’s consent. The couple met on 15 April 1797 and they were married on 18 May in the Chapel Royal in St James’ by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Charlotte wore a dress of white and gold made by her mother, with a scarlet mantle and a crimson velvet coronet with a broad band and a large plume of diamonds. She wore the Order of St Catherine on her breast.

The Queen immediately held a drawing room so that people could pay their respects to the royal couple and on 23 May, she gave a grand fete at Frogmore in honour of their marriage. On 2 June, the couple left for Stuttgart.

Prince Friedrich was very overweight and Charlotte was plump and so the pair was ridiculed in the cartoons of the day.

Life in Württemberg

In December 1797, Friedrich succeeded as Duke of Württemberg and made peace with the French Republic. He was made Elector in 1803 and King in 1806. It is doubtful whether Queen Charlotte ever forgave Charlotte and her husband for supporting Napoleonic France, although Württemberg switched allegiance in December 1813.

Charlotte enjoyed her new freedom and status and spent her time reading, especially religious and historical works, writing letters and drawing. In the Palace at Stuttgart, there were cabinets which demonstrated Charlotte’s taste and skill in enamel painting.

Friedrich William was impetuous and violent but loved justice, and Charlotte seems to have been genuinely attached to him. Sadly, their only child was stillborn, but Charlotte was much loved by Friedrich’s children from his first marriage.

Frederick William
Hereditary Prince of Württemberg
 Print by Tomkins after Schweppe (1796)
 © British Museum

After her husband’s death on 30 October 1816, Charlotte resided in the Palace of Louisburg, but visited Deinach in the Black Forest every summer, a place which was renowned for its mineral waters.

Final illness and death

In 1827, Charlotte travelled to England, hoping to find a cure for dropsy and taking the opportunity to visit her family. On her return journey, her ship was caught in a storm, but she remained calm, saying:

“I am here in the hand of God as much as at home in my bed.”

She died at Ludwigsburg, Württemberg, on 6 October 1828 (1) of an apoplectic seizure, and was buried next to her husband on 12 October.

Note
(1) The date of death is from Purdue's article on the daughters of George III (details below). Wikipedia gives the date as the 5 October.

Sources used include:
Chedzoy, Alan, Seaside Sovereign - King George III at Weymouth, (Dovecote Press, 2003, Dorset)
Hall, Mrs Matthew, The Royal Princesses of England (1871, London)
Hibbert, Christopher, George IV (Longmans,1972, Allen Lane, 1973, London)
Oulton, Walley Chamberlain, Authentic and Impartial Memoirs of Her Late Majesty Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1819, London)
Purdue, AW, George III, daughters of (act.1766-1857), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004, online edn, May 2009, accessed 10 Feb 2012)
Watkins, John, A Biographical Memoir of Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1827, London)


All photographs by Andrew Knowles - www.flickr.com/photos/dragontomato