The Tower of London - a Regency History guide

The Tower of London from Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808-10)

History

The oldest part of the Tower of London dates back to the time of William the Conqueror. William was crowned king of England in London on Christmas Day 1066 following his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings a few months earlier. Keen to ensure control of his capital city, he commissioned the construction of a fortress—what is now known as the White Tower. It was begun in the 1070s and completed after his death, by about 1100.

Subsequent monarchs added more buildings and extended the Tower’s fortifications, turning it into the imposing military stronghold that it is today.

The Tower of London from Old and New London by W Thornbury (1873)

A London guidebook of 1809 described the Tower:

The Tower of London is situated on the north bank of the Thames, at the extremity of the city. Its extent within the wall is twelve acres and five roods. The exterior circuit of the ditch which entirely surrounds it, is 3,156 feet. The ditch, on the side of Tower-hill, is broad and deep; on the side next to the river it is narrower. A broad and handsome wharf runs along the banks of the river, parallel with the Tower, from which it is divided by the ditch. On the wharf is a platform, mounted with sixty-one pieces of cannon, nine-pounders. These are fired on state holidays; and in time of war, on all victories gained by the army or navy. At each end of the wharf is a wooden gate, which divides it from the streets, and is open only during the day.

From the wharf into the Tower, is an entrance by a draw-bridge. Near this is a cut, connecting the river with the ditch, having a water-gate, called Traitor's Gate, state prisoners being formerly conveyed by this passage from the Tower to Westminster, for trial. Over Traitor's Gate is a building containing the water-works that supply the fortress with water.

The principal entrance to the Tower is on the west, and is wide enough to admit a carriage. It consists of two gates on the outside of the ditch; a stone bridge built over the ditch, and a gate within the ditch.

The white tower is a large square building, situated in the centre of the fortress. On the top are four watch towers, one of which, at present, is used as an observatory. Neither the sides of this building, nor the small towers, are uniform. The walls are not covered with plaister, but white-washed, as will be supposed from its name. 1

The moat of the Tower of London c1800
from Old and New London by W Thornbury (1873)

What was the Tower used for?

Although used occasionally as a royal residence, this was never the Tower’s chief purpose. It was originally designed to advertise the king’s dominance and to protect London against potential uprisings. The security of the buildings within the outer walls led to the Tower of London being used to house the Crown Jewels, the Royal Mint, the Board of Ordnance, Ordnance Survey, the Records Office and, of course, state prisoners.

The Tower as a prison

Those held captive in the Tower of London were no ordinary prisoners. They were enemies of the state, imprisoned on grounds of treason. Despite its somewhat gruesome reputation, only 22 executions have taken place within the Tower walls, including those of two of Henry VIII’s wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, and the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. Another queen, the young Elizabeth I, was imprisoned in the Tower by her half-sister Mary.

Many of the towers have been used to house prisoners over the years, notably the Beauchamp Tower and the Salt Tower, which both contain 16th and 17th century graffiti giving witness to their history as prison cells.

In 1483, the 12-year-old Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York, were residing in the Tower of London when they disappeared. It was widely believed that they had been murdered by their uncle, Richard III, giving rise to the legend of ‘The Princes in the Tower’. The tower traditionally associated with their disappearance was nicknamed the Bloody Tower.

The Tower of London (2016)

Georgian prisoners

The Tower was still being used as a prison during the Georgian period.

The Tower is used as a state prison, and in general the prisoners are confined in the warders' houses, but by application to the privy-council, they are usually permitted to walk on the inner platform, during part of the day, in company of a warder.

• The Jacobite Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, was imprisoned in the Tower following the Battle of Culloden in 1746. He was the last person to be executed on Tower Hill, on 9 April 1747.

• Lord George Gordon was imprisoned in the Tower for six months for his role in instigating the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots of 1780.

• Radical English reformist politician Sir Francis Burdett was imprisoned in the Tower from April to June 1810, accused of breach of privilege by the House of Commons.

The Curiosities of the Tower

Although the Tower of London was a working prison and the base for various government departments, it was also a Regency-era tourist attraction, open to the public, who could see inside many of the buildings on payment of the required fees.

•  The Lions, and other Wild Beasts – one shilling.

• The Spanish Armory – 'the trophies of the famous victory of Queen Elizabeth over the Spanish Armada'. 

• The Small Armory – 'contains complete stands of arms for no less than 100,000 men'.

• The Volunteer Armory (in the White Tower) – 'contains arms piled in beautiful order for 30,000 men, with pikes, swords, &c. in immense numbers, arranged in stars and other devices'.

• The Sea Armory (also in the White Tower) – 'contains arms for nearly 50,000 sailors and marines'.

• Royal Train of Artillery (part of this is kept on the ground floor, under the small armory) – 'The artillery is ranged on each side, a passage ten feet in breadth being left in the centre'.

• Horse Armory – 'The kings of England, on horseback, are shewn in the following order: George II … George I … William III…'  

For the Spanish Armory, Small Armory, Train of Artillery, and Horse Armory, the price is one shilling only.

The Horse Armour at the Tower of London
from Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808-10)

• The Jewel-office - one shilling per person in company or one shilling and sixpence for a single person. The Crown Jewels that could be seen included the Imperial Crown 'with which the kings of England are crowned', the Golden Globe, the Golden Sceptre and 'the Crown of State, that his majesty wears in parliament'.

Independently of several of the jewels, which are inestimable, the value of the precious stones and plate contained in this office, is not less than two millions sterling.

The Jewel Tower at the Tower of London
from Old and New London by W Thornbury (1873)

• The Mint – 'Visitors are not permitted to see any part of the Mint.'

• The Chapel – 'contains a few ancient monuments' and 'may be seen by applying to the pew-opener, at any time, for a small fee'.

The Tower of London today

The Tower of London (2016)

The Tower of London is largely the same fortress as it was in Georgian times, with its imposing walls and familiar skyline of towers, but there have been some changes to the structures within and the uses of the Tower.

The Grand Storehouse was destroyed by fire in 1841, along with around 60,000 objects which were on display, and was replaced by the Waterloo Barracks.

In 1845, whilst the Duke of Wellington was Constable of the Tower, the moat, which had become smelly and unhealthy, was drained.

During the 19th century, the institutions of the Tower moved out. The Royal Mint was transferred to a new purpose-built facility on Tower Hill in 1812 and the Ordnance Survey relocated to Southampton after the fire of 1841. The functions of the Office of the Ordnance were transferred to the War Office in the 1850s; the Tower Records Office was closed in 1858 after handing over its records to the Public Records Office.

The Crown Jewels

One function of the Tower of London remains—the Crown Jewels are still stored within its walls. Since 1967, the Crown Jewels have been on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Barracks.

Entrance to the Jewel House
at the Tower of London (2016)

The White Tower

The White Tower, Tower of London (2016)

The White Tower houses the Royal Armouries' collections, including the Line of Kings which was reconstructed and put back on display in 2013.

Part of the Royal Armouries' collection on display in the White Tower (2016)

The Line of Kings exhibition in the White Tower (2016)

Coins and Kings

There is an exhibition about the history of the Royal Mint at the Tower.

Mint Street, Tower of London (2016)

The Royal Menagerie

Raven at the Tower of London (2016)

The only creatures kept at the Tower of London today are the famous ravens. The Royal Menagerie closed in 1830 and William IV donated the royal beasts to the newly formed London Zoo. The keeper, Alfred Cops, continued to display his own large collection of animals until 1835 when he was forced to close the menagerie after several unfortunate accidents. The Lion Tower was demolished soon afterwards. There is an exhibition about the Royal Menagerie in the Brick Tower.

I've written a separate blog post about the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London here.

Elephant model at the Tower of London (2016)

The Yeoman Warders

The Warders give informative tours of the Tower to visitors, dressed in their distinctive uniform.

Yeoman Warder giving a tour of the Tower
with the scaffold site in the foreground (2016)

Walk the walls

A wall walk at the Tower of London with Tower Bridge in the background (2016)

Traitors' Gate

Traitors' Gate at the Tower of London (2016)

The Tower of London is in the care of Historic Royal Palaces.

Rachel Knowles writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

 

 

Notes

1. All quotes from John Feltham’s The Picture of London for 1809 (1809).

Sources used include:

Ackermann, Rudolph and Combe, William, The Microcosm of London or London in miniature Volume 3 (Rudolph Ackermann 1808-1810, reprinted 1904)

Feltham, John, The Picture of London for 1809 (1809)

Humphrys, Julian, The private life of palaces (Historic Royal Palaces, 2006)

Thornbury, Walter, Old and New London: A narrative of its history, its people, and its places (Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1873, London)

Spartacus Educational website - Sir Francis Burdett in Tower

Tower of London website

All photographs © RegencyHistory.net 

The unconventional Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825)

Lady Anne Barnard from South Africa a Century Ago (1910)

Profile

Lady Anne Barnard (née Lindsay) (8 December 1750 – 6 May 1825) was a Scottish travel writer, diarist, poet and amateur artist. Her most famous work is the ballad Auld Robin Grey.1

Early life

Lady Anne Lindsay was born on the family estate of Balcarres in a remote part of Fife in Scotland on 8 December 1750. She was the eldest of the 11 children of James Lindsay, the impoverished 5th Earl of Balcarres, and his wife, Anne Dalrymple, who was 40 years his junior.

Anne’s mother resented being coerced into marrying a man old enough to be her grandfather and she took out some of her dissatisfaction with her lot on her children, especially Anne, who never seemed to get anything right, and often got the violent end of her mother’s temper. Anne’s governess, Henrietta Cummings, made things worse by developing a decided antipathy to Anne.

Anne grew up desperate for the approval that her mother failed to give her and was decidedly wary of a marriage like her mother’s. Anne’s soulmate was her sister Margaret, who was two years younger than her.

An indecisive beauty

Anne was beautiful and intelligent, developing her conversational skills in the Edinburgh salons of her grandmother Lady Dalrymple amongst the best minds in Scotland including the philosopher David Hume. Even with the tattered state of the family estates, Anne had numerous admirers, many of whom would have been happy to lay their worldly goods at her feet. The trouble was that she wasn’t sure she wanted them to. Anne was unconvinced that she liked any of her suitors well enough to marry them and was consequently very indecisive. Unfortunately, this gave the appearance of fickleness.

Eventually she was persuaded to accept one of her suitors, a wealthy merchant with a cork arm named Henry Swinton, but her family put a stop to the engagement when they heard rumours that Swinton was not as rich as they had thought. Poor Anne got the blame and was labelled a coquette – a tag that stuck with her for years.

Auld Robin Grey

Meanwhile, Margaret had fallen in love with an unexceptional young man of good family named James Burges. The relationship came to nothing because her mother thought she could do better. Better came in the form of Alexander Fordyce, a rich banking magnate who coveted Margaret as a prize to be won because of her beauty and birth. They were married in the summer of 1770 when Margaret was just 17. Margaret’s doomed love affair was the inspiration for Anne's most famous poem, Auld Robin Grey.

Anne went to stay with Margaret in London where the two beautiful sisters were much admired. Anne’s chances of making a brilliant match were hindered by the gossip that had followed her from Edinburgh, but she still found a bevy of new admirers including two of Fordyce’s friends – Henry Hope and Richard Atkinson.

Fordyce’s financial ruin

In 1772, Margaret’s world fell apart when Fordyce’s bank collapsed due to his poor speculation. Atkinson was a real friend, protecting her and Anne from the worst of the disgrace. Fordyce went into hiding and the sisters went home to Balcarres. Somehow Fordyce escaped bankruptcy and Margaret was soon back in London with him again.

On the edge of society

Anne did not return to London until after she inherited £300 on the death of her grandmother in 1776. Although back at the centre of London society, somehow she was not quite part of it. Her lack of funds meant that she was living at a very indifferent address and chose to wear colourful, self-made clothes that were decidedly unfashionable. Her Scottish accent was considered vulgar and her unconventional behaviour was labelled ‘odd’ by the ton.

The wicked viscount

Nevertheless, Anne continued to draw admirers and one of these was Thomas Noel, 2nd Viscount Wentworth. She was attracted to the handsome but dissipated viscount and his family supported the match, believing it might be his salvation from ruin. The marriage was widely expected, but Wentworth temporarily backed off because of the demands of his possessive mistress. By the time Wentworth renewed his attentions, after the death of his mistress, Anne realised that she was in love with a cause and not the man. Although her reputation had been compromised, when Wentworth proposed, she refused. Her notoriety as a coquette grew.

Friends in high places

Anne made friends with some of the less respectable members of society, such as Anne, Duchess of Cumberland (née Luttrell), and her disreputable gambling sister Elizabeth. Perhaps it was through them that Anne became acquainted with the young George IV as he was emerging into adulthood.

George, Prince of Wales
from a pencil drawing by John Smart, Jnr (1807)
from The Windham Papers Vol 2 (1913)

Fitz and the prince

Another of Anne’s friends was the twice-widowed Maria Fitzherbert, whom Anne affectionately referred to as Fitz when writing to her sister. According to Anne’s memoirs, Fitz was in her box at Covent Garden in early 1784 when George, Prince of Wales, first saw her. Fitz confided to Anne how ardently the prince was pursuing her and persuaded Anne to accompany her abroad to escape his attentions.

The prince bombarded Fitz with love letters and offered to marry her, either publicly when he came of age if she would renounce her Catholic faith, or privately now. Anne advised her to do neither, and for a while it seemed as if her advice had succeeded, but sometime after Anne had returned to London, she discovered that Fitz had agreed to marry the prince.

Anne refused to see Fitz and the prince together and did all she could to persuade them to give up the match, but being the confidante of both, she was still blamed for the outcome. The prince and Fitz were married on 15 December 1785. Anne was not present and her continued refusal to see the couple together led to a cooling of her relationship with Fitz.

Mrs Fitzherbert from The Creevey Papers (1904)

An heiress?

While Anne was abroad, her friend Atkinson had died. Although Atkinson had proposed marriage to Anne and been turned down, he had remained her friend. He had looked after her and her sister after Margret’s husband Fordyce was ruined a second time. By investing Anne’s £300 inheritance wisely, Atkinson had amassed a small fortune for her. In addition, on his death, he made Anne the major beneficiary of his estate. She should have received as much as £30,000, but it never materialised. Atkinson’s family contested the estate and his firm collapsed without their brilliant senior partner. Maybe Anne could have got something from the estate if she had been willing to fight for it, but she refused to pursue it in court.

Rivals in love and politics

Henry Dundas from Henry Dundas, 
Viscount Melville, by JA Lovat-Fraser (1916)

At this time in her life, Anne had two chief suitors – Henry Dundas and William Windham. Dundas was at the height of his political power and thought Anne would make a fitting wife for a man in his position.

Anne was not interested. She had fallen in love with his political rival Windham. Windham was a brilliant conversationalist and romantically scarred by smallpox. He made Anne the object of his attentions. However, he was renowned for his indecision in parliament and was no better in his private life. He proved to be emotionally manipulative, blowing hot and cold, and keeping Anne hanging on, waiting for a proposal that never came

After refusing Dundas’s marriage proposal in 1791, Anne went to Paris where she observed the French Revolution at close hand. Windham was also in Paris and she gave him access to her hotel room at all hours, blinded to propriety by her obsession. At length, she confronted him and when he started accusing her of using tricks to catch him, she dismissed him. Anne left Paris and returned to London, where Dundas continued to court her as if nothing had happened.

William Windham
from The Windham Papers Vol 2 (1913)

Marriage at last

In 1793, Anne was finally married. Her husband was not the powerful Dundas, but Andrew Barnard, the impoverished son of the Bishop of Limerick who had neither money nor connections to recommend him. Anne had refused his proposals two years earlier, but now, to everyone’s amazement, she accepted him. They were married at St George’s Hanover Square on 31 October 1793. 2 Society branded Barnard an adventurer, but the marriage was a happy one. As Barnard was a commoner, Anne continued to use her courtesy title as the daughter of an earl and was known as Lady Anne Barnard for the rest of her life.

Andrew Barnard from Historic Houses of 
South  Africa by Dorothea Fairbridge (1922)

The couple retreated to Ireland where they attempted, unsuccessfully, to live within their limited means. Anne determined to obtain a post for her husband and petitioned Dundas for a position. Eventually Dundas offered Barnard a salaried post – that of secretary to the governor at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. This was not quite what Anne had hoped for, but when it became obvious that nothing else was going to be forthcoming, she declared that she would accompany her husband.

Life at the Cape

Lord Macartney from  
The Historical and  Posthumous Memoirs
 of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall Vol 4 (1884)

In February 1797, the Barnards sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, where they took up residence in the Castle of Good Hope with the governor, Lord Macartney. Macartney’s wife had not travelled out with him and so Anne acted as his hostess at the Castle. They entertained the army officers and the Dutch colonists as well as visitors who were passing through, such as Richard Wellesley, Lord Mornington, elder brother of the Duke of Wellington.

Anne maintained a regular correspondence with Lord Mornington after he left for Bengal and thus she could include information about India as well as the Cape in the despatches that she regularly sent to Dundas.

Anne climbed Table Mountain and went on several trips into the interior, recording what she saw both with words and drawings. Her journals reflected on the issues surrounding them, such as the massive slave population in the Cape. The Barnards renovated a run-down cottage named Paradise part the way up Table Mountain and for a while they lived there. Anne called these years the happiest of her life, marred only by her inability to have children.

Cape Town and the Table Mountain
from A New Geographical Dictionary by JW Clarke (1814)

Changes in governorship

Barnard thrived under Macartney’s laid back leadership style, but when the governor returned to England with ill health, the colony was temporarily put under the control of General Dundas, a nephew of Anne’s old suitor. His authoritarian approach and contempt for Barnard made life very difficult. Soon, Barnard was secretary in name only as General Dundas bypassed his approval.

A new governor was appointed, but he was even worse. Sir George Yonge was arrogant and ineffectual and in time, he proved to be corrupt as well. Anne reported to Dundas that Yonge had accepted a huge bribe from an infamous slave trader to land a large number of slaves and, as a result, Yonge was removed from office. In 1801, before another governor could be appointed, Britain made peace with France. The colony was to be handed back to the Dutch.

With the loss of the Cape, Barnard lost his well-salaried post. Anne was worried about getting a new position for her husband as Dundas was no longer in power. In January 1802, Anne travelled back to England to try to gain patronage for her husband in person whilst Barnard stayed at the Cape until the official handover to the Dutch. Neither of them realised it was going to take a whole year.

A disastrous posting

Three years after Barnard’s return, he was still without a post. Finally, in 1806, shortly before he died, Henry James Fox recommended that Barnard should be given his old job back, as secretary to the new governor at the Cape. Windham reluctantly agreed. But having secured the post, Anne panicked that her husband’s health would not stand up to another stint living at the Cape. She pleaded with Windham to give him something else, but he was unmoved. Barnard said he would have to take the post or he could never be expected to be offered anything again. Anne stayed in England to petition on her husband’s behalf.

The new governor, Lord Caledon, was young and inexperienced and relied heavily on Barnard for help. Caledon was a kind man and very concerned about his secretary’s bilious attacks. He was right to be concerned. Barnard’s health got worse and on 27 October 1807, he died.

Surrogate mother

Anne was devastated by her husband’s death and blamed Windham for what had happened. But there was more to come. She received a letter from Lord Caledon telling her about a little mixed race girl, aged about six years old, the illegitimate daughter of her husband and a slave woman. The child had been conceived after she had left for England in 1802. Anne’s reaction was totally unconventional. She excused her husband’s infidelity, blaming herself for leaving him like a widower in South Africa and in 1809, she welcomed the girl, known as Christina Douglas, into her home at 21 Berkeley Square.

Christina was not the only child that Anne took care of. Barnard had fathered two illegitimate sons before his marriage and each of these placed a daughter in Anne’s care – Margaret and Anne Hervey.

Two other family members stayed often with her – Colonel Andrew Barnard, a nephew of her husband who was repeatedly injured in battle, and her nephew James Lindsay, whom she nursed back to health after the disastrous Walcheren Expedition to Holland in 1809.

A sister’s (brief) happiness

In 1812, Anne’s sister Margaret finally entered a few brief years of happiness. She married her old sweetheart James Burges who had recently been widowed. Sadly, it was short-lived; Margaret became ill with a tumour and died two years later.

Final years

In her last years, Anne increasingly lived as a recluse, devoting her time to writing and drawing and preparing a memoir of her life with Christina’s help. Some of her family were afraid of what she was writing, fearing that the contents would bring shame on the family if they got into the wrong hands. Anne was adamant that her work was never to be published and her memoirs remain so today.

In 1822, Sir Walter Scott quoted a verse from Auld Robin Grey in The Pirate, specifically referring to it as Lady Anne Lindsay’s beautiful ballad. After maintaining her anonymity as author through most of her life, she was finally given public credit for her poem. The full poem was published for the Bannatyne Club after Scott’s death.

Death

Anne died on 6 May 1825 at her home in Berkeley Square. She left legacies to all three of the girls who lived with her, and skipping over her brothers, left the rest of her property to her nephews, James and Lindsay.

If you want to find out more about Lady Anne Barnard, I recommend Stephen Taylor's biography, Defiance. You can read my review of it here.

Rachel Knowles writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew.

Find out more about Rachel's books and sign up for her newsletter here.

If you have enjoyed this blog and want to encourage me and help me to keep making my research freely available, please buy me a virtual cup of coffee by clicking the button below.

 

Notes

(1) The ballad is popularly known by the title Auld Robin Gray spelt with an ‘a’ rather than an ‘e’ but Anne always wrote it with this spelling.

(2) The date is given as 30 October 1793 in Defiance, but 31 October in the Dictionary of National Biography and this is supported by the transcription of the marriage register of St George’s. All three of these sources are listed below.

Sources used include:

Barnard, Lady Anne Lindsay, South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1797-1801) (1910)
Chapman, John H (ed) The Register book of marriages belonging to the Parish of St George, Hanover Square in the County of Middlesex Vol 2 1788-1809 (1888)

Clarke, JW, A New Geographical Dictionary (1814)
Creevey, Thomas, The Creevey Papers, A selection from the correspondence & diaries of the late Thomas Creevey, MP, edited by Sir Herbert Maxwell (John Murray, 1904, London)
Fairbridge, Dorothea, Historic Houses of South Africa (1922)
Grosart, AB, Barnard (née Lindsay) Lady Anne (1750-1825), rev Trapido, Stanley, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 12 Oct 2016)

Lovat-Fraser, JA, Henry Dundas Viscount Melville (Cambridge University Press, 1916)
Taylor, Stephen, Defiance - The Life and Choices of Lady Anne Barnard (Faber & Faber, 2016)

Windham, William, The Windham Papers Vol 2 (1913)
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel William, The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs Sir Nathaniel Wraxall 1772-1784 ed by Henry B Wheatley (1884) Volume IV

The Regency History blog is five years old!

I can’t believe that it is five years since I started this blog! I wrote my first post – What is the Regency? – back in October 2011 and there are now 270 posts on the Regency History blog. My husband, Andrew, has been contributing posts since 2014 and this blog is now very much a joint venture.

According to Google analytics, there have been over 800,000 page views with around 80% of visitors coming to the site through organic search - that is, people have searched for a subject and clicked through to a page on the Regency History blog from the search results.

The all-time top ten posts on the Regency History blog (per Google analytics) are:

1. Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire 

Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
by Thomas Gainsborough
in South Sketch Gallery, Chatsworth

2. When is the Regency era?
 

Ball dress
from La Belle Assemblée (1816)

3. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (Queen Victoria's father)

HRH Edward, Duke of Kent
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
 Duke of York and Albany by John Watkins (1827

4. Lady Elizabeth Foster

Lady Elizabeth Foster, later Duchess of Devonshire,
in South Sketch Gallery, Chatsworth

5. Queen Charlotte

Queen Charlotte from Memoirs of HM Sophia
 Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz
  by William Marshall Craig (1818)

6. The rise and fall of Beau Brummell

George Brummell
from The History of White's
 by Hon Algernon Bourke (1892)

7. When was the London season?

The first quadrille at Almack's
from The Reminiscences and Recollections of Captain Gronow (1889)

8. Headdresses and hairstyles for Regency evenings

9. Prince Ernest, Duke of Cumberland

HRH Ernest, Duke of Cumberland
from A Biographical Memoir of Frederick,
 Duke of York and Albany by J Watkins (1827)

10. George IV

George IV
from La Belle Assemblée (1830)

Defiance – The Life and Choices of Lady Anne Barnard by Stephen Taylor - a review

A well-written biography of an unconventional Georgian lady

Defiance is the biography of Lady Anne Barnard (1750-1825), best-known as the author of the popular ballad Auld Robin Grey. Anne was the daughter of an impoverished Scottish earl who became close friends with the young George IV and his secret wife, Mrs Fitzherbert. Anne was a prolific letter writer and kept detailed journals of her life, most notably of her time living in the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.

Defiance is a well-written biography, as you would expect from a former correspondent of The Times, with plenty of contemporary quotes, largely from Anne’s letters and diaries. If you want to learn about one of the less conventional members of Georgian high society, then this biography will not disappoint.

Who was Anne Barnard?

Before I was invited to review this book, I confess that I had no knowledge of Lady Anne Barnard, or Lady Anne Lindsay, as she was known before her marriage. Although an intimate friend of George, Prince of Wales, and his secret wife, Maria Fitzherbert, I couldn’t remember ever hearing her name mentioned before. I had heard of many of her suitors, who included Thomas Noel, 2nd Viscount Wentworth; Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville; and William Windham, but not of Anne or her husband.

The fact that I had never heard of Anne’s husband, Andrew Barnard, is not surprising. Despite proposals from much wealthier and more powerful men, Anne chose to marry for love. After refusing numerous offers for her hand, including one from the eminent politician Henry Dundas, Anne chose to marry a nobody. Barnard had neither wealth nor connections to recommend him and her choice surprised everyone. He was deemed an opportunist by many, but the marriage was a happy one.

That I had not heard of Anne is more surprising. She is mentioned in Fanny Burney’s diaries, so I must have read her name, but she had clearly not made much of an impression. One reason is probably the fact that she didn’t quite fit into high society. Many of the leaders of the ton thought Anne was ‘odd’. Another is undoubtedly that many of Anne’s papers have not been available to historians, and this is one of the exciting claims of this book, that Taylor was able to use Anne’s unpublished memoirs in his research.

Lady Anne Barnard
from South Africa a Century Ago (1910)

The peril of indecision

As a young woman, Anne earnt a reputation for being coquettish, largely through being both attractive and indecisive. Her crime was not wanting to hurt people’s feelings and desperately wanting to marry for love. She did not let society dictate how she acted and her friendships with the scandalous Anne Luttrell, the wife of the Duke of Cumberland, and Mrs Fitzherbert did nothing to improve her reputation. Neither did her relationships with Wentworth and Windham.

Mrs Fitzherbert’s confidante

It was Anne’s relationship with Mrs Fitzherbert that most attracted me to the book and, for me, it was the most satisfying part of Anne’s story. I felt I learnt something more of George IV’s secret wife, and have ended up feeling that she was more to blame that their relationship didn’t last than I had hitherto believed. Eager for new information about Mrs Fitzherbert and aware of Anne’s role as her travelling companion and confidante, I had hoped for even more. I was left wondering whether the author was forced to be selective or whether there is little more to tell from Anne’s papers about the royal couple.

A remarkable woman

There were times in the narrative that I found the style a touch too impersonal – maybe, a little journalistic and matter of fact. Perhaps this accounted for why I struggled to sympathise with Anne’s character, and didn’t feel I really knew her very well by the time I finished the book, though I think this improved when I went back to take notes.

I most warmed to Anne’s character towards the end of the book, when, as a relatively wealthy widow, she shared her home with members of both her own and her husband’s family. Perhaps her most endearing action, though probably the most daringly controversial act of her life, was giving a home to her husband’s illegitimate, mixed race daughter Christina, the daughter of an African slave, whom Anne housed and supported, even though her very existence was testimony to her husband’s infidelity.

The part that I found most hard going was the section on Anne’s life in the Cape, but this was probably personal. As my primary area of research is late Georgian England, my interest in South Africa is limited, and I was eager for Anne to get back to England.

I think it would have been helpful to include a family tree, to enable the reader to keep up with all of Anne’s relations.

A few little quibbles

One of my gripes is about titles. On one occasion, Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, is referred to as Lady Frances Jersey. Though tempting to distinguish her from her equally famous daughter-in-law Sarah by inserting her Christian name, according to the rules governing titles, this is not correct. Lady Jersey took her title from her husband – using her Christian name before her title would indicate that it was a courtesy title she used due to the rank held by her father.

This was the case with Lady Anne Barnard. She took her title from her father and so when she married a commoner, she continued to use her courtesy title with her Christian name and her husband’s surname, indicating that the source of her title was her father and not her husband.

My second observation is about the date of Lady Anne Lindsay’s marriage to Andrew Barnard. Defiance gives the date as 30 October 1793, but the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for Lady Anne Barnard gives the date as 31 October. So, which is right? Dates can be tricky. It is sometimes difficult to pinpoint exactly when someone was born or died before registration of births and deaths became compulsory in 1837. Parish registers only recorded the dates of baptisms and burials. However, marriages are easier. I decided to check as I have access to a transcription of the marriage registers of St George’s, Hanover Square. The marriage is recorded as taking place on 31 October 1793.

The last is what I have concluded is a typo that escaped the proofreader’s attention. Initially, I was a little confused by the dates for Chapter 19 – 1810-1844 – as Anne died in 1825 and it wasn’t even the last chapter. I believe the dates should read 1810-1814, as Chapter 20 covers the final years of her life – 1814-1825.

A daringly unconventional Georgian woman

In conclusion, Defiance is a readable biography of a daringly unconventional Georgian woman, full of detail about life at the Cape around 1800, and with some fresh insights into Mrs Fitzherbert’s relationship with the young George IV.

I was sent a review copy by the publishers but this is an independent review.

Additional source used:
Barnard, Lady Anne Lindsay, South Africa a century ago; letters written from the Cape of Good Hope (1797-1801) (1910)

A Regency History guide to the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London

Model lions at the Tower of London (2016)

The history of the Royal Menagerie

It is believed that lions were first kept at the Tower during the reign of King John in about 1210, though it is his son, Henry III, who is generally credited with establishing the menagerie, which included a polar bear and an elephant.

Model elephant at the Tower of London (2016)

Exotic animals were often given to the royal family as presents. Unfortunately, the keepers at the Tower did not know how to look after these unusual animals and as a result, many died prematurely. Their cages were cramped and they were often fed the wrong food. Some could not cope with the change in environment, like the big monkey from Sumatra seen by Cesar de Saussure in 1725. He recorded in his diary that the monkey 'seemed to suffer from the cold' and died about six weeks after his visit. 1

Model monkeys at the Tower of London (2016)

Where were the animals kept?

From the 14th century, the royal beasts were kept in a separate tower. According to the Microcosm of London:

The principal entrance is by three gates to the west. The first of them opens to a court, on the right side of which is the lions' tower, where the wild beasts are kept.2

Map of Tower of London showing where the Lion Tower
used to be, in bottom left-hand corner (2016)

How much did it cost to see the Royal Menagerie?

The Lions, and other Wild Beasts, &c. These are kept in a yard on the right hand, at the west entrance. A figure of a lion is over the door, and there is a bell at the side to call the keeper. The visitor pays one shilling here, for which the keeper shews him all the wild beasts, &c. explaining their several histories. 3

Model polar bear at the Tower of London (2016)

What animals were on display in the Tower?

The early editions of Feltham’s Picture of London included a list of animals on display in the Tower. The latest list that I have come across is in the 1809 guide; by 1813, no detailed descriptions of the animals on display were given.

According to the Picture of London (1809), the principal animals then on display in the Tower were:

1. Miss Fanny, a fine lioness, but discovers so much ferocity, beyond that of any other lion in the Tower, that the difference of disposition in the same species is in this instance very striking.

2. Young Hector and Miss Jenny, a lion and lioness, from the Gulph of Persia, three years old, of the same litter, presented to his Majesty by the present Marquis Cornwallis on the 6th of March, 1800. These are extremely fine animals.

3. A young Lion and Lioness, sent to her Majesty by the Emperor of Morocco.

4. Two African Lionesses, a present from the Dey of Algiers to the King, and brought to the Tower in of Algiers to the King, and brought to the Tower in October 1800.

5. A fine young Lion, a present from the Emperor of Morocco to the Duke of Kent, and extremely tame and docile.

6. Traveller, a panther from Algiers.

7. Miss Peggy, a black leopardess. This animal is a great curiosity: although her skin is black, it is varied with spots of a deeper black, and her form is the most delicate that can be imagined.

8. Miss Nancy, a bright spotted leopardess. Both these animals were sent from Anjengo, by Governor Hutchinson, in 1799.

9. Duchess, a remarkably handsome leopardess brought from the Malabar coast, presented to his Majesty by Lord Carlisle. The brightness of the colours of this animal is beautiful in the extreme.

10. Miss Maria and Master Bobby, a Leopard and Leopardess from Prince of Wales's Island, in the East Indies.

11. George, a Leopard presented to the Prince of Wales, by Mr Devaynes.

12. Harry, a royal tyger, from Bengal and one of the finest ever seen, given by Mr (now Sir Evan) Nepean in 1791. This noble animal is very tame, and is fond of a little dog which often plays with it in the den.

13 A curious Ring-tailed Tyger, from Bengal, presented to her Majesty by Admiral Rainier.

14. A Wolf, from Mexico, presented by Admiral Masserano to Lord St Vincent, and by him to his majesty.

15. A Spotted, or Laughing Hyena, from the Cape; presented by David South, Esq.

16. A Racoon, bred in the Tower.

17. A very large African Deer, from the Cape of Good Hope, presented by General Dundas, and the only one ever brought to England.

18. A large Greenland Bear.

19. Ant Bear, from Canada. This is a curious animal, and is extremely gentle.

20. A White Fox, from Owhyhee.

21. A Jackall.

22. A large Eagle of the Sun. 3

The 1809 list made no mention of the 'Three Royal Hunting Tygers' recorded in the 1806 guide which were 'said to have belonged to a pack of the same kind, of Tippoo Saib’s, with which he hunted beasts of prey. They are a small kind of tyger, and are extremely curious'. 4 Neither was there any mention of the 'Tiger Cat, from the river Gambia' or the 'Coati-mondi, brought from Honduras' also listed in the 1806 guide. 4 It seems likely that these animals had died during the intervening years.

Model lion at the Tower of London (2016)

Care of the animals

The care taken by the keepers to prevent injury to the visitors, is very great; and the wholesome cleanly condition of the dens, deserves praise. The dens are very commodious. They are about twelve feet in their whole height, being divided into an upper and lower apartment; in the former they live in the day, and are shewn, and in the latter sleep at night. Iron gratings inclose the front of the dens, most of which have been recently rebuilt, with every precaution to prevent accidents.

These animals are in general very healthy. It is remarkable that those which have been whelped in the Tower are more fierce than such as are taken wild: strangers should be cautious not to approach too near the dens, and avoid every attempt to play with them. 3

Visitors at the Royal Menagerie, Tower of London - labelled c1820, but the
 costumes suggest probably nearer 1830 from Old and New London (1873)

A dreadful accident

By 1802, there were no longer any monkeys in the Royal Menagerie at the Tower. The Monkey Room had been a big attraction when it was set up in the 1780s. The school of monkeys lived in a furnished room where visitors were fascinated by their humanlike behaviour. But health and safety was virtually non-existent and as visitors were allowed to enter the room and mingle freely with the monkeys, it is hardly surprising that accidents happened. The 1802 Picture of London noted: 

There were formerly a number of monkies kept in the yard; but lately they have been removed from this place by his majesty’s orders, one of the largest of them having torn a boy’s leg in a dangerous manner. 5

Model monkeys at the Tower of London (2016)

Alfred Cops and the Royal Menagerie

By 1821, the Royal Menagerie was in decline. The only animals left were four lions, a panther, a leopard, a grizzly bear and a tiger. However, when a new keeper, Alfred Cops, was appointed in 1822, the menagerie enjoyed a brief revival. Cops bought animals himself to add to the menagerie and at one time, there were more than 250 animals living in the Tower.

An advertisement in the Times in 1824 claimed that the Tower's ‘exhibition of serpents is unparalleled’. 6

More accidents

Despite the care taken by the keepers, animals did sometimes escape from their cages and accidents did happen. In 1826, Cops, almost lost his life when a snake he was feeding suddenly darted at him and coiled himself around his arm and neck. It was only the providential arrival of two other keepers that saved his life.

In 1828, a secretary bird met a grisly death when it put its head into a hyena’s cage. In 1830, an assistant keeper accidentally allowed a lion and a Bengal tiger and tigress into the same cage. A fierce battle arose between the animals and the lion later died as a result of its injuries.

The closure of the Royal Menagerie

In 1830, it was decided to transfer the remaining animals from the Royal Menagerie to the newly formed Zoological Society of London – the new London Zoo in Regent’s Park. Cops continued to display his own animals at the Tower until several unfortunate escapes and accidents forced the menagerie to close in 1835. The animals were sold to the American showman, Benjamin Franklin Brown. Cops continued living at the Tower until his death in 1853.

The Lion Tower was dismantled soon after the departure of the last animals.

There is a display about the Royal Menagerie in the Brick Tower in the Tower of London.

 

There was another menagerie in Regency London at the Exeter 'Change. You can read about it here.

Royal Menagerie exhibition
in the Brick Tower, Tower of London (2016)

Rachel Knowles writes clean/Christian Regency era romance and historical non-fiction. She has been sharing her research on this blog since 2011. Rachel lives in the beautiful Georgian seaside town of Weymouth, Dorset, on the south coast of England, with her husband, Andrew.

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Notes
(1) From Cesar de Saussure, A Foreign View of England in the reigns of George I and George II (1902).
(2) From Ackermann’s Microcosm of London vol 3 (1808-1810).
(3) From Feltham’s Picture of London (1809).
(4) From Feltham’s Picture of London (1806).
(5) From Feltham’s Picture of London (1802).
(6) From Times Digital Archive, Saturday, Dec 25, 1824; p3; issue 12533.

Sources used include:
Ackermann, Rudolph and Combe, William, The Microcosm of London or London in miniature Volume 3 (Rudolph Ackermann 1808-1810, reprinted 1904)
Feltham, John, The Picture of London for 1802 (1802)
Feltham, John, The Picture of London for 1806 (1806)
Feltham, John, The Picture of London for 1809 (1809)
Saussure, Cesar de, A foreign view of England in the reigns of George I and George II (1902)
Thornbury, Walter, Old and New London: A narrative of its history, its people, and its places Vol 2 (Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1873, London)

The Tower of London website 

All photographs © RegencyHistory.net